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B Pharma Notes
Get well-organized, easy B Pharmacy notes for all semesters. Perfect for AKTU exams, other university exams, GPAT, NIPER,

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D Pharma Notes
Get well-organized, easy D Pharmacy notes for both 1st & 2nd Year. Perfect for semester exams and Exit exams for all Indian universities

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Pharm D Notes
Get well-organized, easy to understand Pharm D notes for all 5 years perfect for semester internal & external exams, valid for all universities.
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“These BPharma notes are a lifesaver! Clear, concise, and perfect for AKTU exams. Helped me score very good marks easily.”
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Recently Uploaded Topics
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Application of Genetic Engineering in Medicine
1. Production of Recombinant Proteins Insulin → Used to treat diabetes (produced using E. coli). Human Growth Hormone (hGH) → Treats growth disorders. Erythropoietin (EPO) → Stimulates red blood cell production, used in anemia treatment. 2. Gene Therapy Used to treat genetic disorders by introducing functional genes. Example: SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease) is treated
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Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA technology, also known as genetic engineering or gene cloning, is a set of techniques used to manipulate and modify DNA from different sources to create new DNA molecules. These recombinant DNA molecules are widely used in gene therapy, biotechnology, and pharmaceuticals. Steps in Recombinant DNA Technology Isolation of DNA DNA is extracted from
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DNA ligase
DNA ligase is an enzyme essential for DNA replication and repair. It catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides, sealing breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA. Mechanism of Action Catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between 3′-OH and 5′-phosphate ends of DNA strands. Requires ATP or NAD+ as an energy source. Specificity







