Acquired anemia

• Acquired anemias result from external factors or conditions that affect RBC production or lifespan.

• Common types include:

• Iron Deficiency Anemia: Due to inadequate iron intake, absorption, or chronic blood loss.

• Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency Anemia: Due to poor dietary intake, malabsorption, or increased demand.

• Anemia of Chronic Disease: Associated with chronic infections, inflammation, or malignancies.

• Aplastic Anemia: Bone marrow failure resulting in pancytopenia, often due to autoimmune conditions, infections, or exposure to toxins.

Picture Representation Acquired anemia

Pathophysiology of Acquired anemia

1. Iron Deficiency Anemia: Reduced hemoglobin production due to lack of iron.

2. Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency Anemia: Impaired DNA synthesis, leading to megaloblastic anemia.

3. Anemia of Chronic Disease: Inflammatory cytokines affect iron metabolism and RBC production.

4. Aplastic Anemia: Bone marrow suppression leads to reduced production of all blood cells.

Symptoms

1. General Anemia Symptoms:

• Fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, dizziness.

2. Specific to Each Type:

• Iron Deficiency: Pica, brittle nails.

• Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Neurological symptoms, glossitis.

• Folate Deficiency: Similar to B12 deficiency but without neurological symptoms.

• Aplastic Anemia: Bleeding tendencies, frequent infections.

Diagnosis

1. Blood Tests: CBC, serum iron studies, vitamin B12 and folate levels, reticulocyte count.

2. Bone Marrow Biopsy: For aplastic anemia.

Treatment

1. Iron Deficiency Anemia: Iron supplements, dietary changes.

2. Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency Anemia: Vitamin supplements, dietary changes.

3. Anemia of Chronic Disease: Treat underlying condition, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.

4. Aplastic Anemia: Immunosuppressive therapy, bone marrow transplant.