Definition and scope of anatomy and physiology

Anatomy: Definition and Scope

• Anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of living organisms, particularly focusing on the physical makeup of the human body.

• It involves examining the body's various parts, including bones, muscles, organs, blood vessels, nerves, and tissues.

Anatomy is further divided into several branches:

1) Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)

• Studies the structures visible to the naked eye, such as organs and organ systems.

2) Microscopic anatomy

• Examines structures that can only be observed under a microscope, including cells and tissues.

• Histology and cytology are sub-disciplines within microscopic anatomy.

3) Developmental anatomy

• Investigates the changes in an organism's structure from conception to adulthood, including embryology, which focuses on the development of an organism from fertilization to birth.

4) Comparative anatomy

• Analyses and compares the anatomical structures of different species, providing insight into evolutionary relationships and adaptations.

Physiology: Definition and Scope

• Physiology is the study of the functions and processes of living organisms, with a particular focus on how the human body's various systems work together to maintain homeostasis.

• Physiology examines the mechanisms behind the body's functions at the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and system levels.

The field is divided into several branches, including:

1) Cell physiology

• Investigates the processes and functions of cells and their components.

2) Systems physiology

• Explores the function and interaction of specific organ systems, such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems.

3) Neurophysiology

• Examines the functions and mechanisms of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

4) Endocrinology:

• Studies the production, secretion, and action of hormones and their role in regulating the body's functions.

5) Exercise physiology:

• Focuses on the effects of physical activity on the body and its systems, including adaptations and performance optimization.

Human body