Anatomy: Definition and Scope
Anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of living organisms, particularly focusing on the physical makeup of the human body.
It involves examining the body's various parts, including bones, muscles, organs, blood vessels, nerves, and tissues.
Anatomy is further divided into several branches:
1. Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy):
Studies the structures visible to the naked eye, such as organs and organ systems.
2. Microscopic anatomy:
Examines structures that can only be observed under a microscope, including cells and tissues.
Histology and cytology are sub-disciplines within microscopic anatomy.
3. Developmental anatomy:
Investigates the changes in an organism's structure from conception to adulthood, including embryology, which focuses on the development of an organism from fertilization to birth.
4. Comparative anatomy:
Analyses and compares the anatomical structures of different species, providing insight into evolutionary relationships and adaptations.
Physiology: Definition and Scope
Physiology is the study of the functions and processes of living organisms, with a particular focus on how the human body's various systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
Physiology examines the mechanisms behind the body's functions at the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and system levels.
The field is divided into several branches, including:
1. Cell physiology:
Investigates the processes and functions of cells and their components.
2. Systems physiology:
Explores the function and interaction of specific organ systems, such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems.
3. Neurophysiology:
Examines the functions and mechanisms of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
4. Endocrinology:
Studies the production, secretion, and action of hormones and their role in regulating the body's functions.
5. Exercise physiology:
Focuses on the effects of physical activity on the body and its systems, including adaptations and performance optimization.
