1) Molecular Biology and Genetics:
DNA and RNA fragment analysis, such as gene mapping, sequencing, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product evaluation.
DNA fingerprinting and forensic analysis.
2) Proteomics and Biochemistry:
Protein purification and characterization.
Detection of post-translational modifications and protein isoforms.
Estimation of protein molecular weight (SDS-PAGE) and protein-protein interactions (native PAGE).
3) Clinical Diagnostics:
Separation and identification of serum proteins, hemoglobin variants, and lipoproteins.
Diagnostic tests for genetic diseases or abnormal protein patterns.
4) Environmental and Food Analysis:
Monitoring contaminants, pollutants, and adulterants.
Quality control for food authenticity and purity.