1) Production of Recombinant Proteins
Insulin → Used to treat diabetes (produced using E. coli).
Human Growth Hormone (hGH) → Treats growth disorders.
Erythropoietin (EPO) → Stimulates red blood cell production, used in anemia treatment.
2) Gene Therapy
Used to treat genetic disorders by introducing functional genes.
Example: SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease) is treated by inserting a functional ADA (adenosine deaminase) gene.
3) Production of Vaccines
Hepatitis B Vaccine → Made using recombinant yeast.
mRNA Vaccines (e.g., COVID-19 vaccines) → Use genetic engineering to produce spike proteins.
4) Genetic Diagnosis
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) → Amplifies DNA for detecting genetic diseases.
DNA Fingerprinting → Used in forensic investigations and paternity tests.
5) Monoclonal Antibodies
Engineered antibodies used to treat cancers (e.g., Rituximab for lymphoma).
6) Organ Transplantation (Xenotransplantation)
Genetically modified pigs are being developed for human organ transplants.
