Buffers are solutions that resist changes in pH upon addition of small amounts of acids or bases.
Importance of Buffers
Chemical Reactions: Many reactions are pH-dependent; buffers maintain optimal pH for maximum efficiency.
Biological Systems: Enzyme activities and metabolic processes require specific pH conditions.
Pharmaceutical Formulations: Drug stability and solubility can be pH-sensitive.
Common Applications of Buffers
Laboratory Experiments: Buffers are used to maintain consistent pH in biochemical assays and analytical procedures.
Industrial Processes: In fermentation, dyeing, and electroplating, buffers help control pH for product quality.
Medical Uses: Intravenous fluids are buffered to match physiological pH, ensuring patient safety.
Environmental Monitoring: Buffers in natural waters maintain pH levels essential for aquatic life.
Examples of Buffer Systems
Acetic Acid and Sodium Acetate: Commonly used in laboratory buffers around pH 4.75.
Phosphate Buffers: Used in biological systems; effective around pH 7.2.
Bicarbonate Buffers: Crucial in blood plasma to maintain pH around 7.4.