Biosensors: Working and Applications in the Pharmaceutical Industry

What Are Biosensors?

• A biosensor is an analytical device that converts a biological response into a measurable signal. It consists of:

Bioreceptor

• A biological element (enzyme, antibody, nucleic acid, aptamer, or cells) that specifically interacts with the target analyte (e.g., glucose).

Transducer

• Converts the biorecognition event into a detectable signal (electrical, optical, thermal, or mass change).

Working Principle of Biosensors

1. Bioreceptor Interaction: The target molecule (analyte) interacts with the bioreceptor (e.g., enzyme, antibody, nucleic acid).

2. Signal Conversion: This biological interaction generates a signal (chemical, electrical, optical).

3. Transduction: The transducer converts this signal into a measurable output.

4. Data Processing: The electronic system processes and displays the results.

Types of Biosensors

1. Enzymatic Biosensors: Use enzymes as bioreceptors (e.g., glucose biosensor for diabetes monitoring).

2. Immunosensors: Use antibodies to detect antigens (e.g., rapid COVID-19 test kits).

3. DNA Biosensors: Detect genetic mutations or pathogens (e.g., PCR-based diagnostic tools).

4. Microbial Biosensors: Use whole microbial cells to detect environmental toxins.

5. Electrochemical Biosensors: Measure electrical signals generated by biochemical reactions.

6. Optical Biosensors: Detect changes in light properties due to molecular interactions.

Applications of Biosensors in the Pharmaceutical Industry

1. Diabetes Monitoring: Glucose biosensors measure blood sugar levels in diabetic patients.

2. Drug Discovery: Biosensors detect drug-receptor interactions for screening potential drugs.

3. Pathogen Detection: Used for rapid detection of infectious diseases like tuberculosis and COVID-19.

4. Pharmacokinetics Studies: Measure drug concentrations in blood for personalized medicine.

5. Bioprocess Monitoring: Ensure quality control in the production of biopharmaceuticals.