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Definition
Buffer Solution
A system that minimizes changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.
Components
Weak Acid and its Conjugate Base (e.g., acetic acid and sodium acetate).
Weak Base and its Conjugate Acid (e.g., ammonia and ammonium chloride).
Mechanism of Buffer Action
Acidic Buffers
Addition of Acid (H⁺): The conjugate base (A⁻) reacts with H⁺ to form the weak acid (HA), minimizing pH change.
Addition of Base (OH⁻): The weak acid (HA) donates H⁺ to form water and the conjugate base (A⁻).
Basic Buffers
Similar reactions occur with a weak base and its conjugate acid.
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