Structure
Cocaine is a naturally occurring local anesthetic derived from the coca plant, featuring a tropane ring system with a benzoyl and methyl ester substituent.
Chemical Formula: C₁₇H₂₃NO₄
Mode of Action
Sodium Channel Blockade: Inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels, preventing nerve impulse conduction.
Vasoconstriction: Causes local vasoconstriction by stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors.
Sympathomimetic Effects: Increases heart rate and blood pressure due to central nervous system stimulation.
Uses
Local Anesthesia: Used in nasal surgery, ear surgery, and ophthalmic procedures.
Topical Preparations: Employed in topical creams and sprays for numbing mucous membranes.
Addiction Treatment: Limited use in treating cocaine dependence under medical supervision.
Side Effects
Cardiovascular Toxicity: Arrhythmias, hypertension, and tachycardia.
Central Nervous System Stimulation: Anxiety, seizures, and agitation.
Local Tissue Irritation: Can cause mucosal damage and necrosis with prolonged use.