Oxidation and Fragmentation:
1. Oxidation:
Reactive oxygen species can oxidize carbohydrates, leading to the fragmentation of sugar molecules.
2. Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs):
ROS can accelerate the formation of AGEs through non-enzymatic reactions between proteins and reducing sugars.
This process is exacerbated by high blood sugar levels.
Consequences:
Impaired cellular function and signaling.
Increased stiffness and cross-linking of the extracellular matrix, contributing to vascular and tissue damage in diabetes and aging.