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Depression

  • Depression, also known as major depressive disorder (MDD), is a common and serious mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities.

  • It can affect a person’s thoughts, behavior, and physical health.

Pictorial representation Depression
Pictorial representation Depression

Causes

  1. Genetic Factors: Family history of depression can increase the risk.

  2. Biochemical Factors: Imbalances in neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine).

  3. Hormonal Factors: Changes in hormone levels, such as those occurring during pregnancy or thyroid problems.

  4. Environmental Factors: Stressful life events, trauma, or significant life changes.

  5. Medical Conditions: Chronic illness, chronic pain, and certain medications can contribute to depression.

Symptoms

  • Persistent sad or empty mood

  • Loss of interest or pleasure in most activities

  • Changes in appetite or weight

  • Sleep disturbances (insomnia or hypersomnia)

  • Fatigue or loss of energy

  • Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt

  • Difficulty concentrating, thinking, or making decisions

  • Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Diagnosis

  1. Clinical Evaluation: Detailed patient history and symptom assessment.

  2. Questionnaires and Rating Scales: Tools like the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) or the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).

  3. Medical Evaluation: To rule out other conditions with similar symptoms, such as thyroid problems.

Pathophysiology of Depression

  1. Neurotransmitter Imbalance: Dysregulation of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine pathways in the brain.

  2. HPA Axis Dysfunction: Abnormal regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, leading to altered stress hormone (cortisol) levels.

  3. Neuroplasticity Changes: Reduced neurogenesis and synaptic connectivity, particularly in the hippocampus.

Treatment

  1. Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy (IPT), and other forms of counseling.

  2. Medications: Antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs).

  3. Lifestyle Changes: Regular exercise, healthy diet, and sufficient sleep.

  4. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): For severe cases not responding to other treatments.

  5. Mindfulness and Stress Management Techniques: Yoga, meditation, and relaxation exercises.


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