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Development of Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)

Historical Development

  • Early Devices: Made from inert materials like silkworm gut.

  • Lippes Loop (1960s): Double 'S'-shaped plastic device for better retention.

  • Copper IUDs (1970s): Leveraged copper's spermicidal properties.

  • Hormonal IUDs: Released progestins (e.g., levonorgestrel) for contraception and therapeutic benefits.

Types of IUDs

Copper IUDs:

  • Mechanism: Copper ions create a toxic uterine environment for sperm and ova.

  • Example: ParaGard (effective up to 10 years).

Hormonal IUDs:

  • Mechanism: Release levonorgestrel to thicken cervical mucus, inhibit sperm, and prevent endometrial growth.

  • Examples: Mirena, Skyla, Liletta, Kyleena (3–7 years).

Design and Development Considerations of Intrauterine Devices

Material Selection:

  • Biocompatible materials like polyethylene, sometimes combined with barium sulfate for X-ray visibility.

Shape and Size:

  • Optimized to fit the uterine cavity comfortably, reducing irritation and risk of expulsion.

Drug Release Kinetics:

  • Controlled-release mechanisms ensure consistent therapeutic levels over the intended duration.

Insertion Devices:

  • Designed for ease of use, ensuring patient comfort and minimizing insertion-related discomfort.


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