Sex hormone disorders involve imbalances or abnormalities in the production, function, or effects of sex hormones, primarily estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
These disorders can affect both males and females, leading to a variety of health issues.
Hypogonadism
Introduction
Hypogonadism is a condition in which the body produces insufficient testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.
Causes
Primary Hypogonadism: Testicular dysfunction due to genetic conditions (e.g., Klinefelter syndrome), injury, or infection.
Secondary Hypogonadism: Dysfunction in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland due to tumors, radiation, or chronic illnesses.
Symptoms
Delayed puberty
Reduced libido and erectile dysfunction
Decreased muscle mass and strength
Fatigue and depression
Osteoporosis
Treatment
Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT): Administered through injections, patches, gels, or implants.
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
Introduction
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) is a condition where individuals with XY chromosomes have tissues that are insensitive to androgens (male sex hormones).
Causes
Genetic Mutations
Mutations in the gene encoding the androgen receptor, leading to impaired function.
Symptoms
Complete AIS
Female external genitalia with undescended testes.
Absence of a uterus and fallopian tubes.
Lack of menstruation at puberty.
Partial AIS
Ambiguous genitalia: A mix of male and female physical characteristics.
Variable degrees of genital masculinization.
Mild AIS
Normal male genitalia with infertility.
Possible gynecomastia (development of breast tissue).
Treatment
Hormone Therapy
Estrogen Therapy: For individuals with complete AIS to promote the development of secondary female sexual characteristics.
Surgical Management
Gonadectomy: Removal of undescended testes to prevent malignancy.
Genital Reconstructive Surgery: If necessary, to align physical appearance with gender identity.
Psychological Support
Counseling and support for individuals