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Energy losses during the flow of fluid through a system occur due to various factors.
Here are the main types of losses:
1) Energy Losses as Frictional Loss
Occurs due to the friction between the fluid and the pipe walls.
Depends on the flow velocity, pipe diameter, fluid viscosity, and pipe roughness.
Calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation:
hf = head loss due to friction
f = friction factor
L = length of the pipe
D = diameter of the pipe
v = flow velocity
g = acceleration due to gravity
2) Enlargement Loss
Occurs when the fluid flows from a smaller pipe to a larger pipe.
The sudden increase in cross-sectional area causes a drop in velocity and kinetic energy, resulting in energy loss.
Expressed as:
he = head loss due to enlargement
Ke = loss coefficient for enlargement
v1 = velocity in the smaller pipe
3) Constriction Loss
Occurs when the fluid flows from a larger pipe to a smaller pipe.
The sudden decrease in cross-sectional area causes an increase in velocity, leading to turbulence and energy loss.
Expressed as:
hc = head loss due to constriction
Kc = loss coefficient for constriction
v2 = velocity in the smaller pipe
4) Fitting Loss
Occurs due to the presence of fittings like elbows, tees, valves, and other components in the piping system.
Each fitting introduces additional resistance and turbulence, causing energy loss.
Expressed as:
H fittings = head loss due to fittings
Kf = loss coefficient for the fitting
v = flow velocity
These losses collectively contribute to the overall energy loss in a fluid flow system, impacting the efficiency and performance of fluid transport.
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