Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Source and Types, Medical Benefits

• Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) is a critical antioxidant enzyme that protects cells from oxidative stress by catalyzing the dismutation of the superoxide (O2·-) radical into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

• The reaction is essential for mitigating cellular damage, including lipid peroxidation and the formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-), a potent oxidant.

• The reaction can be summarized as follows:

2O2− ​+ 2H+ → H2​O2 ​+ O2​

Source and Types

1. Cu/Zn SOD (SOD1): Contains copper and zinc, primarily located in the cytoplasm.

2. Mn SOD (SOD2): Contains manganese, found in the mitochondria.

3. EC-SOD (SOD3): An extracellular form, binds copper and zinc, present in the extracellular space.

Medical Benefits

1. Neuroprotection:

• Minimizes damage from oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.

2. Anti-inflammatory Effects:

• Reduces superoxide radicals, mitigating inflammation in conditions like arthritis.

3. Cancer Prevention:

• Lowers the risk of cancer by reducing oxidative DNA damage.

4. Cardioprotection:

• Protects against cardiovascular diseases by preventing the oxidative modification of lipoproteins.

5. Enhanced Longevity:

• Preserves cellular integrity over time by minimizing oxidative damage.