Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDDS) leverage advanced formulations to optimize drug delivery through the skin, prolong therapeutic effects, and minimize side effects.
Below are the primary approaches:
Microneedle-Assisted Systems
Description:
Microneedles create microchannels in the skin to facilitate drug transport.
Advantages:
Painless and non-invasive.
Suitable for large molecules like proteins and peptides.
Example:
Dissolving microneedles that deliver drugs directly into the skin.
Matrix-Based Systems
Description:
The drug is dispersed in a polymer matrix for controlled release.
Advantages:
Simple to manufacture.
Offers prolonged and consistent drug release.
Example:
Matrix patches using polymers like ethyl cellulose.
Nanoemulsions
Description:
Oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions enhance drug solubility and penetration.
Advantages:
Increased bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs.
Enhanced skin permeability.
Example:
Nanoemulsion-based TDDS for poorly soluble drugs.
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
Description:
Lipid-based carriers encapsulate the drug for controlled release.
Advantages:
Biodegradable and non-toxic.
Enhanced stability compared to emulsions.
Example:
SLN formulations for delivering lipophilic drugs through the skin.
Iontophoresis
Description:
Uses a small electric current to drive ionic drugs through the skin.
Advantages:
Precise control over drug dosage.
Suitable for large and hydrophilic drugs.
Example:
Iontophoretic systems for peptide or protein delivery.
Hydrogel-Based Systems
Description:
Hydrogels act as carriers that release drugs in a controlled manner.
Advantages:
High biocompatibility and flexibility.
Suitable for sustained and localized delivery.
Example:
Chitosan-based hydrogels for transdermal patches.
