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Principle of Fractional Distillation
Fractional distillation separates components of a mixture with close boiling points by using a fractionating column to achieve repeated condensation and vaporization cycles.
Methodology
Setup: Similar to simple distillation but includes a fractionating column between the distillation flask and the condenser.
Heating: The mixture is heated, and vapours rise through the fractionating column.
Fractionation: As vapours ascend, they repeatedly condense and vaporize on the packing material within the column, enriching the vapor in the more volatile component.
Condensation and Collection: The vapor eventually reaches the condenser, condenses, and is collected as the distillate.
Uses
Separation of liquid mixtures like ethanol and water.
Industrial processes such as crude oil refining.
Purification of chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
Merits
High separation efficiency for mixtures with close boiling points.
Can achieve high purity of separated components.
Suitable for both small-scale and large-scale operations.
Demerits
More complex setup and operation compared to simple distillation.
Higher energy consumption due to repeated vaporization and condensation cycles.
Potential for column flooding or pressure drop issues.
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