Physiology:
Glucagon is Secreted by α-cells of the pancreas in response to low blood glucose.
Increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.
Glucagon (e.g., glucagon emergency kits):
Use:
Acute management of severe hypoglycemia in diabetic patients unable to take oral glucose.
Mechanism:
Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver, rapidly increasing blood glucose levels.
Administration:
Typically administered via intramuscular injection in emergency settings.
Clinical Applications
Insulin Therapy: Essential for type 1 diabetes and advanced type 2 diabetes.
Oral Agents: First-line or adjunctive therapies for type 2 diabetes to achieve glycemic control.
Glucagon: Critical in emergency situations to reverse hypoglycemia.
Side Effects
Insulin: Hypoglycemia, weight gain.
Oral Agents: Vary by class; generally, include risk of hypoglycemia (sulfonylureas), gastrointestinal issues (metformin), and others as noted.
Glucagon: Nausea, vomiting, potential for allergic reactions.