Blood glucose levels are tightly regulated by hormones, mainly insulin and glucagon, to ensure a stable energy supply.
Dysregulation of this system can lead to diabetes mellitus, characterized by prolonged hyperglycemia.
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose
Insulin
Produced by: Beta cells of the pancreas.
Released in response to: High blood glucose (after meals).
Actions: Promotes glucose uptake by cells, stimulates glycogenesis, inhibits gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, and supports fat and protein synthesis.
Glucagon
Produced by: Alpha cells of the pancreas.
Released in response to: Low blood glucose (fasting or exercise).
Actions: Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver and promotes fat breakdown for energy.
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes is a group of disorders characterized by high blood sugar due to insulin dysfunction.
Type 1 Diabetes
Cause: Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells.
Onset: Usually in childhood or adolescence.
Management: Requires insulin injections.
Type 2 Diabetes
Cause: Insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
Risk Factors: Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, family history.
Management: Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise), oral medications, and possibly insulin.
Importance of Diabetes Management
Proper management prevents complications like retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease.
This includes regular blood glucose monitoring, adherence to medications, and lifestyle adjustments to maintain glucose levels within target ranges.
Effective control allows individuals with diabetes to lead healthy lives and reduce the risk of long-term complication.
