Definition of Hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis is the decomposition or breakdown of a compound due to its reaction with water.
It is the most common form of chemical degradation in pharmaceuticals, especially for drugs containing esters, amides, lactones, and lactams.
Mechanism:
The drug molecule reacts with water, leading to cleavage of chemical bonds (e.g., ester bonds) and formation of degradation products.
Examples:
Example Reaction (Ester Hydrolysis):
Example Reaction (Amide Hydrolysis):
Prevention Strategies:
Use of buffers to maintain optimal pH.
Incorporation of anhydrous solvents.
Packaging in moisture-proof containers (e.g., blister packs).
Addition of desiccants to adsorb moisture.