Sex hormone disorders involve imbalances or abnormalities in the production, function, or effects of sex hormones, primarily estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
These disorders can affect both males and females, leading to a variety of health issues.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Introduction
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome PCOS is a hormonal disorder characterized by excessive androgens (male hormones) in females, leading to reproductive and metabolic issues.
Causes
Multifactorial, involving genetic and environmental factors.
Symptoms
Irregular menstrual cycles
Hirsutism (excessive hair growth)
Acne and oily skin
Weight gain and difficulty losing weight
Infertility
Treatment
Lifestyle Changes: Diet and exercise to manage weight.
Medications: Oral contraceptives, anti-androgens (e.g., spironolactone), and insulin-sensitizing drugs (e.g., metformin).
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI)
Introduction
POI, also known as premature ovarian failure, is a condition where the ovaries stop functioning normally before age 40.
Causes
Genetic factors, autoimmune disorders, and certain medical treatments (e.g., chemotherapy).
Symptoms
Irregular or absent menstrual periods
Hot flashes and night sweats
Vaginal dryness
Irritability or difficulty concentrating
Infertility
Treatment
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): To manage symptoms of estrogen deficiency.
Calcium and Vitamin D Supplements: To prevent osteoporosis.
Fertility Treatments: Options like in vitro fertilization (IVF) with donor eggs.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
Introduction
CAH is a group of genetic disorders affecting adrenal steroid hormone biosynthesis, leading to excess androgen production.
Causes
Mutations in genes involved in adrenal hormone synthesis, most commonly 21-hydroxylase deficiency.
Symptoms
Females: Ambiguous genitalia, hirsutism, and menstrual irregularities.
Males: Early puberty, enlarged penis, and accelerated growth but ultimately short stature.
Treatment
Glucocorticoid Replacement Therapy: To reduce excess androgen production.
Mineralocorticoid Replacement: If aldosterone production is also deficient.
Surgical Management: For genital abnormalities in females.