1) Sample Introduction System
Injection Port: Heated port for sample introduction and vaporization.
Auto-samplers: Automates sample introduction for precision and high throughput.
2) Mobile Phase (Carrier Gas) System
Carrier Gas Cylinder: Supplies inert gas (helium, hydrogen, or nitrogen).
Pressure Regulators and Flow Controllers: Maintain constant flow rate and desired pressure.
3) Columns
Packed Columns: Wider columns with solid stationary phase (used in older systems).
Capillary Columns: Narrow columns with stationary phase coated on walls, offering higher efficiency.
4) Oven
Provides temperature control for the column.
Operates at constant or programmed temperatures for improved separation.
5) Detectors
Flame Ionization Detector (FID): Measures ions from sample combustion.
Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD): Detects changes in thermal conductivity.
Electron Capture Detector (ECD): Sensitive to halogenated compounds.
Mass Spectrometer (MS): Identifies compounds by mass-to-charge ratio.
6) Data Handling System
Computer interface for instrument control, data acquisition, and analysis.
Software aids in peak identification, integration, quantification, and reporting.
7) Additional Components
Split/Splitless Injector: Allows partial or full sample introduction.
Backflush System: Reverses flow to remove heavy or unwanted materials after analysis