General Characteristics
Secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine, featuring a three-carbon side chain attached to an aromatic ring.
Phenylpropanoids
Structure & Diversity: Range from simple cinnamic acid to complex polymers.
Functions in Plants:
Precursors to lignin for cell wall reinforcement.
Attract pollinators and provide UV protection.
Defense against pathogens.
Flavonoids
Structure & Classification: Two aromatic rings connected by a three-carbon bridge; classified into flavonols, flavones, isoflavones, etc.
Biological Roles:
Antioxidant Activity: Neutralize free radicals.
Pigmentation: Provide color to flowers and fruits for pollinator attraction.
UV Protection: Absorb harmful UV rays.
Pharmacological Significance
Health Benefits: Anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer, and cardiovascular protective effects.
Dietary Importance: Abundant in fruits, vegetables, and teas, essential for a healthy diet.