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Introduction to Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids

Steroids

  • Structure: Four fused rings (three six-membered, one five-membered).

  • Functions:

    • Membrane Structure: Cholesterol regulates membrane fluidity and permeability.

    • Hormonal Roles: Includes sex hormones and corticosteroids, essential for metabolism, immunity, and reproduction.

Cardiac Glycosides

  • Structure: Steroid core linked to sugar units via glycosidic bonds.

  • Physiological Effects:

    • Enhance heart contractions by inhibiting the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump, increasing calcium levels.

    • Used to treat heart failure and arrhythmias with precise dosing due to a narrow therapeutic index.

Triterpenoids

  • Structure: Built from six isoprene units (30 carbons), forming complex cyclic or acyclic structures.

  • Roles in Plants: Defense against pests, precursors to steroids.

  • Pharmacological Effects: Anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral properties, widely used in drug development.


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