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Methods to Overcome Intraocular Barriers

Nanoparticulate Systems

  • Nanoparticles: Facilitate drug penetration via paracellular/transcellular pathways, enhancing corneal bioavailability.

  • Liposomes: Encapsulate hydrophilic/lipophilic drugs and merge with membranes to improve delivery.

  • Dendrimers: Branched polymers modified for targeted delivery.

Mucoadhesive Polymers

  • Polymers like chitosan and hyaluronic acid increase drug retention on the ocular surface, enhancing absorption.

Prodrugs

  • Drug derivatives designed for improved penetration and stability, converted to active drugs inside the eye (e.g., dipivefrin for epinephrine).

Iontophoresis

  • Uses mild electric currents to drive charged drugs into the eye, enhancing corneal penetration.

Microneedles

  • Minimally invasive tiny needles deliver drugs to targeted sites, such as the suprachoroidal space.

Implants and Devices

  • Intravitreal Implants: Provide sustained drug release targeting the retina.

  • Punctal Plugs: Slow drug release via tear ducts.

Periocular and Intravitreal Injections

  • Direct injections bypass anterior barriers; intravitreal for retina, periocular for surrounding tissues.

Sonophoresis

  • Ultrasound waves create micropores in the cornea to enhance drug permeability.

Penetration Enhancers

  • Surfactants, bile salts, and cyclodextrins improve solubility and temporarily open tight junctions.


These are all the Methods to Overcome Intraocular Barriers


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