Direct Methods Medication Adherence:
Direct Observation Therapy (DOT): Provider observes patient taking medication, often for conditions like tuberculosis.
Drug Level Measurement: Blood or urine tests to confirm medication presence.
Indirect Methods Medication Adherence:
Patient Self-Reports:
Interviews and Questionnaires: Tools like the Morisky Scale assess adherence.
Medication Diaries: Patients log their intake.
Pharmacy Records:
Refill Rates and Medication Possession Ratio (MPR): Track refill frequency and access to medication.
Pill Counts:
Compare remaining doses with expected amount based on instructions.
Electronic Monitoring:
Medication Event Monitoring Systems (MEMS): Track container openings.
Smartphone Apps: Remind and track medication intake.
Clinical Outcomes Monitoring:
Biomarkers and Symptoms: Observe changes in clinical markers (e.g., blood pressure) or symptom presence to gauge adherence.
Family and Caregiver Reports:
Input from caregivers on patient adherence.
Appointment Adherence:
Frequent missed appointments may indicate poor adherence.
Technology Use:
Digital Health Platforms and Telemedicine: Real-time monitoring and remote check-ins.