Morphine Sulphate: Chemical Structure, Mechanism of Action, Uses & Side Effects

Chemical Structure:

• C17H19NO3 · H2SO4

Chemical Structure

Mechanism of Action:

• Morphine is a strong opioid agonist primarily at the mu-opioid receptors. It alters the perception and emotional response to pain by binding to these receptors in the brain and spinal cord, decreasing the release of neurotransmitters like substance P and reducing synaptic transmission. This action also leads to the activation of descending inhibitory pathways in the central nervous system.

Uses:

• Severe Pain: Particularly effective in acute severe pain and chronic pain, including cancer pain.

• Palliative Care: Often used in palliative care to alleviate severe dyspnea and pain.

Side Effects:

• Respiratory Depression: A major concern, especially at higher doses.

• Gastrointestinal Issues: Constipation is a significant side effect due to reduced gastrointestinal motility.

• CNS Effects: Sedation, dizziness, and sometimes confusion or mood changes.

• Dependence and Tolerance: Long-term use can lead to physical dependence and tolerance.