Orbital Picture of Benzene

• Orbital Picture of Benzene (C₆H₆): It is a planar, cyclic molecule with six carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal ring.
• Each carbon atom in benzene is sp² hybridized, meaning each carbon atom forms three sigma (σ) bonds: two with adjacent carbon atoms and one with a hydrogen atom.
• This leaves one unhybridized p orbital on each carbon atom.

1. Sigma Bonds (σ Bonds)

   • These are the single bonds formed by the overlap of sp² hybrid orbitals from each carbon atom with its neighbours and with hydrogen atoms.

2. Pi Bonds (π Bonds) in the Orbital Picture of Benzene:

   • The unhybridized p orbitals, which are perpendicular to the plane of the benzene ring, overlap side-by-side above and below the plane of the ring to form a continuous π electron cloud.
   • This delocalization of electrons results in π bonds that are spread equally over all six carbon atoms.

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