Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are a type of free radical that specifically includes oxygen-containing molecules.
These molecules are particularly important in the context of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals because they are some of the most common and impactful types of free radicals in the human body.
Formation and Impact:
ROS such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (OH·) are primarily produced in cells during normal metabolic processes, particularly in the mitochondria as a byproduct of energy production.
However, their levels can increase due to factors like stress, environmental pollutants, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and UV exposure.
When present in excess, ROS can cause oxidative damage to cells, leading to the degradation of lipids, proteins, and DNA.
This damage is linked to aging and a variety of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and inflammatory conditions.
Key members of ROS include:
1. Superoxide Anion (O2•-):
This is a common type of ROS created in the mitochondria during energy production.
It can also be made by certain enzymes in response to outside signals.
2. Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2):
Although not a radical itself, it's considered a ROS because it can lead to the formation of other harmful radicals, especially in the presence of metals.
It's more stable than superoxide, so it can move through cell membranes and affect cell signaling.
3. Hydroxyl Radical (•OH):
This is one of the most reactive ROS.
It’s formed from hydrogen peroxide when iron or copper are present and can cause severe damage to DNA, proteins, and fats.
4. Singlet Oxygen (¹O₂):
This is a special form of oxygen where the electrons are at a higher energy level.
It’s not a radical, but it’s included as a ROS because it’s very reactive and can damage fats and other sensitive parts of cells.
Role of Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals:
To fight the harmful effects of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species), our body uses antioxidants, which are found in high amounts in dietary supplements and nutraceuticals.
These antioxidants help protect our cells and keep us healthy. Here are some examples:
1. Vitamins:
Vitamin C and Vitamin E are strong antioxidants.
Vitamin C is water-soluble and works in the body’s water-based areas, while Vitamin E is fat-soluble and protects the outer parts of cells from damage.
2. Minerals:
Selenium and zinc help important antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase work better.
These enzymes break down harmful ROS in the cells.
3. Phytochemicals:
Plants have natural compounds like flavonoids, carotenoids, and polyphenols that act as antioxidants.
Resveratrol from red wine and curcumin from turmeric are well-known for these properties.
4. Herbal Extracts:
Some herbs, such as green tea (which has catechins) and ginseng, are known for their strong antioxidant effects that help reduce ROS and the damage they cause.