Resins

Definition

• Resins are viscous, solid or semi-solid mixtures of organic compounds, mainly terpenoids and derivatives, exuded by plants (especially conifers) and some insects for protection and structural purposes.

Composition

• Diterpenes/Triterpenes: Backbone structures.

• Phenolic Compounds: Provide rigidity and reactivity.

• Other Compounds: Essential oils, alcohols, acids.

Sources

• Plant Resins: E.g., pine resin, frankincense.

• Insect Resins: E.g., lac insect exudates.

Extraction and Processing

• Harvested by tapping plants (e.g., incising tree bark).

• Processed to remove impurities, producing products like turpentine and rosin

Uses of Resins

Industrial Applications:

• Varnishes and lacquers

• Adhesives (rosin)

• Incense and fragrances (frankincense, myrrh)

Pharmaceuticals and Medicine:

• Traditional antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory remedies

• Modern drug formulations

Art and Craft

• Artists' varnishes for paintings

• Rosin for string instrument bows

Biological Roles

• Defense Mechanism: Deters herbivores; inhibits fungi and bacteria.

• Wound Healing: Seals damaged areas to prevent infection.

Examples

• Podophyllotoxin: Lignan resin from the mayapple plant, used as a precursor for anti-cancer drugs.

• Curcumin: Polyphenolic compound from turmeric, used for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.