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Principle of Steam Distillation
Steam distillation is used to distil heat-sensitive components by passing steam through the mixture, causing volatile components to co-distil with water at temperatures lower than their boiling points.
Methodology
Setup: Includes a steam generator, distillation flask, condenser, and collection vessel.
Steam Introduction: Steam is introduced into the mixture, lowering the boiling points of the volatile components.
Co-distillation: The volatile components vaporize along with the steam.
Condensation and Collection: The vapor mixture is condensed, and the distillate (mixture of water and volatile components) is collected.
Uses
Extraction of essential oils from plant materials.
Distillation of organic compounds that decompose at high temperatures.
Used in the fragrance, flavor, and cosmetic industries.
Merits
Suitable for heat-sensitive materials.
Can distill components at temperatures lower than their normal boiling points.
Simple and cost-effective setup.
Demerits
Limited to compounds that are volatile in steam.
Requires a continuous supply of steam.
Separation may not be as complete as other methods.
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