The cerebellum, located below the cerebrum at the back of the brainstem, is crucial for coordinating movement, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor activities.
It has two symmetrical hemispheres connected by the vermis and features a highly folded surface.
Structure:
1. Cerebellar Cortex:
Outer layer of Gray matter with tightly folded ridges called folia..
Contains Purkinje cells, granule cells, and molecular layer interneurons.
2. White Matter:
Inner part with myelinated nerve fibers forming the arbor vitae, a tree-like structure in cross-section.
3. Deep Cerebellar Nuclei:
Clusters of neurons within the white matter, serving as primary output centers, relaying information to other brain regions and the spinal cord.
4. Cerebellar Peduncles:
Three pairs of fiber bundles (superior, middle, inferior) connecting the cerebellum to the brainstem, transmitting information between the cerebellum and other brain parts.
Functions:
1. Motor Coordination:
Refines motor commands for smooth, precise movements by comparing intended actions with actual performance.
2. Balance and Posture:
Integrates sensory information to maintain balance and posture, adjusting to changes in position and external forces.
3. Motor Learning:
Facilitates the acquisition and refinement of motor skills, improving movement accuracy through experience.
4. Timing and Sequence of Movements:
Manages the precise timing and sequencing of movements, enabling complex actions like playing an instrument or sports..
Recent research suggests the cerebellum may also contribute to higher cognitive functions such as attention, language, and emotion regulation, though these roles are still under investigation.