Structure of Skin

• The skin is the largest organ of the body and serves multiple essential functions.

• It is composed of three main layers, each with distinct structures and roles.

Structure of skin

1. Epidermis:

• The outermost layer of the skin, composed mainly of keratinocytes, which produce the protein keratin.

Layers of the Epidermis:

1. Stratum Corneum: The topmost layer, made of dead, flattened keratinocytes that provide a tough, protective barrier.

2. Stratum Lucidum: A thin, clear layer found only in thick skin areas like the palms and soles.

3. Stratum Granulosum: Where keratinocytes begin to die and form a waterproof barrier.

4. Stratum Spinosum: Provides strength and flexibility to the skin.

5. Stratum Basale: The deepest layer, where new skin cells are produced. It also contains melanocytes, which produce melanin for skin color and UV protection.

2. Dermis:

• Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis is thicker and composed of connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and various appendages.

Components:

1. Collagen and Elastin Fibers: Provide strength, elasticity, and structural support.

2. Blood Vessels: Supply nutrients and oxygen to the skin and help regulate temperature.

3. Nerve Endings: Detect sensations like touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

4. Hair Follicles: Structures from which hair grows.

5. Sebaceous (Oil) Glands: Produce sebum, which moisturizes and protects the skin.

6. Sweat Glands: Produce sweat for temperature regulation.

3. Hypodermis (Subcutaneous layer):

• This layer is composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue (fat), providing insulation, energy storage, and cushioning.

• Function: Provides insulation, stores energy, and acts as a cushion to protect underlying muscles and organs.