The thyroid gland is a vital hormone gland that plays a major role in the metabolism, growth, and development of the human body.
It helps to regulate many body functions by constantly releasing a steady amount of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream.
Located in the front part of the neck below the Adam's apple, it consists of two lobes that are connected by an isthmus.
Here are the illustrations of the human thyroid gland.
Structure
The thyroid gland is butterfly-shaped and situated at the front of the neck, wrapping around the trachea (windpipe).
It is made up of follicles, which are small sacs filled with colloid. The follicular cells in the thyroid gland produce the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
Parafollicular cells (C cells) in the thyroid also produce calcitonin, a hormone involved in calcium homeostasis.
Function
1. Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4):
These hormones regulate the body's metabolic rate, heart and digestive function, muscle control, brain development, and maintenance of bones.
They influence the speed at which your cells and metabolism work.
They are essential for the development of the brain and nervous system in infants and children.
2. Calcitonin:
Helps to regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood, opposing the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH), thus helping to regulate bone density.
Disorders
Thyroid disorders often arise from an abnormal production of thyroid hormones, leading to a wide range of health issues.
Hypothyroidism: Underactive thyroid causing fatigue, weight gain, and depression, often due to iodine deficiency or Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Hyperthyroidism: Overactive thyroid leading to weight loss, high blood pressure, and anxiety, commonly caused by Graves' disease.
Goiter: Thyroid enlargement due to iodine deficiency or thyroid hormone imbalances, not always affecting function.
Thyroid Nodules: Often benign lumps in the thyroid, usually symptomless, detected during routine checks.
Thyroid Cancer: Less common but potentially aggressive; early detection and treatment are key.
Thyroiditis: Inflammation causing hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, triggered by autoimmune diseases, infections, or post-pregnancy.
Treatment
Treatment for thyroid disorders varies depending on the condition and can include medication to normalize thyroid hormone levels, radioactive iodine treatment, thyroid surgery, or hormone replacement therapy.
Regular monitoring and follow-up with healthcare providers are essential to manage these conditions effectively.