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Transformation

S-6-BIOPHARMACEUTICS-AND-PHARMACOKINETICS
1 min read

Definition

Transformation is the process by which bacteria take up naked DNA from their environment and incorporate it into their genome.

Transformation
In this image, a gene from one bacterial cell is moved to another bacterial cell. This process of the second bacterial cell taking up new genetic material is called transformation.

Steps of Transformation

  1. DNA Uptake: The recipient bacterial cell takes up free, extracellular DNA (usually from lysed bacterial cells).

  2. Integration: The DNA may recombine with the host genome or exist as a plasmid.

  3. Expression: If successfully integrated, the new genes may be expressed, leading to a change in phenotype.

Types of Transformation

  • Natural Transformation: Some bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis) naturally take up DNA.

  • Artificial Transformation: In the laboratory, transformation can be induced using chemical treatment (CaCl₂ method) or electroporation.

Significance

  • Used in genetic engineering to introduce new genes into bacteria (e.g., recombinant DNA technology).

  • Plays a role in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.


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