Introduction to Type 1 Diabetes
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
It occurs due to defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells to be used for energy.
Previously known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes.
An autoimmune condition where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
Leads to a complete lack of insulin production.
Causes
Genetic Factors
Certain genes increase the risk of developing type 1 diabetes.
Environmental Factors
Viral infections or other environmental triggers may initiate the autoimmune response.
Symptoms
Frequent urination (polyuria)
Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
Extreme hunger (polyphagia)
Unintended weight loss
Fatigue and weakness
Blurred vision
Irritability and mood changes
Ketoacidosis: A serious condition with symptoms like nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and confusion.
Pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes:
Pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes
Autoimmune Destruction
The immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
Insulin Deficiency
Without insulin, glucose cannot enter cells for energy, leading to high blood glucose levels.
Diagnosis
Fasting Blood Glucose Test: Elevated blood glucose levels after fasting.
A1C Test: Measures average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months.
Random Blood Glucose Test: Elevated glucose levels at any time.
Autoantibody Tests: Presence of specific autoantibodies associated with type 1 diabetes.
Treatment
Insulin Therapy: Lifelong insulin injections or an insulin pump.
Blood Glucose Monitoring: Regular monitoring to manage blood glucose levels.
Healthy Eating: Balanced diet with attention to carbohydrate intake.
Regular Physical Activity: Helps control blood glucose levels and overall health.
Education and Support: Diabetes education programs for self-management skills.