Introduction to Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes, previously known as adult-onset diabetes or non-insulin-dependent diabetes, is the most common form of diabetes.
It is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin, and relative insulin deficiency.
Causes
Genetic Factors: Family history of type 2 diabetes increases risk.
Lifestyle Factors: Obesity, physical inactivity, poor diet, and age are significant risk factors.
Metabolic Syndrome: A cluster of conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, abnormal cholesterol levels, and excess body fat around the waist.
Symptoms
Increased thirst and urination
Increased hunger
Fatigue
Blurred vision
Slow-healing sores or frequent infections
Areas of darkened skin (acanthosis nigricans), often in the armpits and neck
Diagnosis
Fasting Blood Glucose Test: Elevated glucose levels after fasting.
A1C Test: Measures average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months.
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): Elevated blood glucose levels after consuming a glucose drink.
Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes:
Insulin Resistance: Cells in the body become less responsive to insulin.
Beta Cell Dysfunction: The pancreas produces less insulin over time.
Hyperglycemia: Persistently high blood glucose levels due to the combination of insulin resistance and reduced insulin production.
Treatment
Lifestyle Changes: Healthy eating, regular physical activity, and weight loss.
Medications: Oral medications (e.g., metformin) and sometimes insulin or other injectable medications.
Blood Glucose Monitoring: Regular monitoring to manage blood glucose levels.
Education and Support: Diabetes education programs for self-management skills.