Definition of Terpenoids: Terpenoids, or isoprenoids, are a diverse class of naturally occurring organic compounds derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They undergo modifications like oxidation and rearrangement, resulting in varied structures and functions. Structure and Classification of Terpenoids: Based on isoprene units: Monoterpenoids: C₁₀ (2 units) Sesquiterpenoids: C₁₅ (3 units) Diterpenoids: C₂₀ (4 units) Triterpenoids: … Read more

General Introduction to Carotenoids (Other Terpenoids): Carotenoids are tetraterpenoids responsible for the yellow, orange, and red colors in plants. They are precursors of vitamin A and have antioxidant properties. Synonyms: Common name: Carotenoids Examples: Beta-carotene, Lycopene, Lutein Biological Source: Found in carrots (Daucus carota), tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), and marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta). Family: Varies depending … Read more

General Introduction to Taxus (Diterpenoids): Taxus (Yew tree) is a source of the diterpenoid paclitaxel, a potent anticancer agent. Synonyms: Common name: Yew Scientific name: Taxus brevifolia, Taxus baccata Synonyms: Pacific Yew, European Yew Biological Source: Derived from the bark of Taxus brevifolia and needles of Taxus baccata. Family: Taxaceae Composition: Major diterpenoid: Paclitaxel (Taxol): … Read more

General Introduction to Artemisia (Terpenoids): Artemisia contains sesquiterpene lactones, notably artemisinin, which is used in the treatment of malaria. Synonyms: Common name: Wormwood Scientific name: Artemisia annua Synonyms: Qinghao (Chinese) Biological Source: Derived from the aerial parts of Artemisia annua. Family: Asteraceae Composition: Major terpenoids: Artemisinin: A sesquiterpene lactone. Other sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes. Chemistry & … Read more

General Introduction to Gentian (Iridoids): Gentian (Iridoids) is a bitter tonic herb used to stimulate appetite and digestion. Its bitterness is attributed to iridoid glycosides. Synonyms: Common name: Gentian Scientific name: Gentiana lutea Synonyms: Yellow Gentian Biological Source of: Derived from the roots and rhizomes of Gentiana lutea. Family: Gentianaceae Composition: Major iridoid glycosides: Gentiopicroside … Read more

Introduction to Iridoids, Other Terpenoids & Naphthoquinones: Plant-based bioactive compounds. Introduction to Iridoids, Other Terpenoids & Naphthoquinones: Known for anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial roles. Iridoids: Structure: Derived from monoterpenes with a cyclopentane[c]pyran ring, often occurring as glycosides hydrolyzed to release active aglycones. Plant Functions: Serve as defense compounds (bitter and toxic), aid in signaling, and deter … Read more

General Introduction to Bitter Almond (Cyanogenic Glycosides): Bitter almond contains cyanogenic glycosides that release hydrocyanic acid upon enzymatic hydrolysis. It is used in small amounts for its flavoring and therapeutic effects but is toxic in high doses. Synonyms of Bitter Almond (Cyanogenic Glycoside): Common name: Bitter Almond Scientific name: Prunus amygdalus var. amara Synonyms: Amygdalin, … Read more

General Introduction to Aloes (Anthraquinone Glycosides): Aloes are rich in anthraquinone glycosides and are used as laxatives and wound-healing agents. Aloe gel is widely used in cosmetics and skin care products. Synonyms of Aloes (Anthraquinone Glycoside): Common name: Aloe Scientific name: Aloe barbadensis, Aloe ferox Synonyms: Ghritkumari (Hindi), Cape Aloe, Curacao Aloe Biological Source: Derived … Read more