Preparation of Boric Acid: It is prepared by reacting borax (sodium tetraborate decahydrate) with a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid: $\mathrm{Na_2B_4O_7 \cdot 10H_2O + 2HCl \rightarrow 4H_3BO_3 + 2NaCl + 5H_2O}$ Properties of Boric Acid: White, odorless crystalline powder. Slightly soluble in cold water and more soluble in hot water. Weakly acidic, with mild … Read more
Preparation of Potassium Permanganate: it is industrially prepared by reacting manganese dioxide (MnO₂) with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and a strong oxidizing agent like potassium nitrate (KNO₃) or oxygen. The mixture is heated to form potassium manganate (K₂MnO₄), which is then oxidized to potassium permanganate: $2\mathrm{MnO}_2 + 4\mathrm{KOH} + \mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow 2\mathrm{K}_2\mathrm{MnO}_4 + 2\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}_2$ $3\mathrm{K}_2\mathrm{MnO}_4 + … Read more
Introduction to Antimicrobials: Antimicrobials are agents that kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth, playing a critical role in treating and preventing infections in humans, animals, and plants. This group includes antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics, each with varying mechanisms of action depending on the type of microorganism they target. Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobials: Antimicrobials … Read more
Preparation of Bentonite: Bentonite is a naturally occurring clay, mainly composed of montmorillonite (a type of smectite). Obtained through mining and purification processes like washing, sedimentation, and centrifugation to remove impurities and achieve the desired properties. Properties of Bentonite: Light gray or cream-colored fine powder Odorless Insoluble in water but forms a colloidal suspension High … Read more
Preparation of Kaolin: Kaolin is a naturally occurring clay mineral, primarily composed of kaolinite (Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄). Obtained through mining and purification processes such as washing, sedimentation, and centrifugation to remove impurities and achieve the desired particle size. Properties of Kaolin: White or off-white, fine powder Odorless Insoluble in water Chemically inert Uses: As an adsorbent in … Read more
Preparation of Sodium Orthophosphate: Prepared by reacting phosphoric acid with sodium hydroxide: Properties of Sodium Orthophosphate: White, crystalline powder Odorless Soluble in water Chemical formula: Na₃PO₄ Uses: As a saline laxative to treat constipation As a food additive to regulate acidity As a water treatment agent to prevent corrosion Storage: Store in a cool, dry … Read more
Principles of Non-Perforated Basket Centrifuge The non-perforated basket centrifuge also operates on the principle of centrifugal force but uses a solid-walled basket. Separation occurs due to the difference in density between the solid and liquid phases, with solids accumulating on the inner wall of the basket and the liquid being removed separately. Construction of Non-Perforated … Read more
Principles of Perforated Basket Centrifuge The perforated basket centrifuge operates on the principle of centrifugal force, which separates solids from liquids in a slurry by spinning the mixture at high speeds. The centrifugal force drives the liquid through the perforations in the basket, leaving the solid particles behind. Construction of Perforated Basket Centrifuge Basket: Cylindrical … Read more
Objectives of Centrifugation Separation of Components: To separate particles based on their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium, and rotor speed. Purification: To purify biological samples, such as proteins, nucleic acids, cells, and sub-cellular organelles. Concentration: To concentrate particles, cells, or macromolecules from a solution. Isolation: To isolate specific components from a complex mixture … Read more
Principle of Seitz Filter The Seitz filter operates on the principle of depth filtration, using a thick layer of porous material to trap particles throughout the filter medium. Construction of Seitz Filter Filter Pads: Made of cellulose, diatomaceous earth, or other fibrous materials. Filter Housing: Holds the filter pads in place, typically made of metal … Read more
