Principles of Bag Filter: Separates particles from a gas stream by passing the stream through filter bags. Particles are trapped on the surface of the bags, and clean gas exits the system. Construction of Bag Filter: Filter Bags: Made from woven or felted fabric. Housing: Encloses the filter bags and supports the gas flow system. … Read more
Principles of Elutriation Tank: Separates particles based on their settling velocities in a fluid. Finer particles are carried upward by the fluid flow, while coarser particles settle at the bottom. Construction of Elutriation Tank: Tank: A vertical tank filled with fluid. Fluid Inlet: At the bottom to introduce fluid flow. Feed Inlet: For introducing the … Read more
Structure of Chloramine T: Chemical Formula: C7H7ClNO2S Description: Chloramine T (N-chloro-4-toluenesulfonamide or N-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide) is an organic compound. Its structure includes a benzene ring substituted with a methyl group, a sulfonyl group, and an N-chloroamine group. Uses: Utilized as a disinfectant and sanitizer due to its ability to release hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a potent antimicrobial agent. … Read more
Structure of BHC (Benzene Hexachloride): Chemical Formula: C6H6Cl6 Description: BHC (Benzene Hexachloride), also known as hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), is an organochlorine compound. Its structure consists of a cyclohexane ring with six chlorine atoms attached. BHC exists in several isomers, with the gamma isomer (γ-HCH) being the most widely used and commercially significant. Uses: Used as an … Read more
Structure of Saccharin: Chemical Formula: C₇H₅NO₃S Description: Saccharin is an artificial sweetener. Its structure consists of a benzene ring substituted with an amine group, a carbonyl group, and a sulfonyl group. Uses: Used as a non-nutritive sweetener in various food and beverage products, such as diet sodas, sugar-free candies, and tabletop sweeteners. Approximately 300 to … Read more
Salivary glands are exocrine glands in the human body that produce and secrete saliva, a vital fluid that aids in digestion and oral health. Anatomy It is exocrine glands that produce and secrete saliva. There are three pairs of major glands and numerous minor glands in the oral cavity. Parotid glands: The largest glands, located … Read more
Principle of End Runner Mill: Similar to the edge runner mill, operates on the principle of crushing and grinding. However, it uses a pestle and mortar setup. Construction of End Runner Mill: Mortar: Bowl-shaped grinding surface. Pestle: Heavy cylindrical or conical grinding tool. Feed Mechanism: Manual or automated hopper for material input. Discharge Mechanism: Outlet … Read more
Principle of Hammer Mill: Operates on the principle of impact and attrition. Material is fed into a grinding chamber where it is struck by hammers attached to a rotating shaft, resulting in size reduction through impact and shearing forces. Construction of Hammer Mill: Grinding Chamber: Cylindrical chamber where material is introduced. Hammers: Swinging or fixed … Read more
Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless number that predicts flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. It is defined as: $\mathrm{Re} = \frac{\rho v L}{\mu} = \frac{v L}{\nu} $ Where: ρ = fluid density v = fluid velocity L = characteristic length (e.g., diameter of a pipe) μ = dynamic viscosity of the fluid ν … Read more
Principle of Orifice Meter: Based on Bernoulli’s theorem and the continuity equation. When fluid passes through an orifice plate, the velocity increases, and pressure decreases. The pressure drop is related to the flow rate. Formula: $Q = C_d A_o \sqrt{\frac{2 \Delta P}{\rho}}$ Where: Q = flow rate Cd = discharge coefficient Ao = area of … Read more
