B Pharmacy is a 4-year undergraduate program in India that provides comprehensive knowledge of drugs, healthcare, and pharmaceutical sciences. It prepares students for careers in the pharmaceutical industry, clinical research, and healthcare services.
This course builds a strong foundation for B Pharmacy Students all over the world.
Hyperlipidemia is a condition marked by elevated blood lipids, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and atherosclerosis. Hyperlipidemia refers to elevated levels of lipids (fats) in the blood, including cholesterol and triglycerides. It is a significant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Types of Lipids Involved: Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol: Often termed … Read more
Amiodarone is a class III anti-arrhythmic drug used to treat serious ventricular and atrial arrhythmias by prolonging cardiac repolarization. Structure of Amiodarone Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic agent with a complex structure containing two iodine atoms attached to a benzofuran ring fused to a diethylamino side chain. Chemical Formula: C₂₉H₄₈I₂N₂O₂ Mode of Action Class … Read more
Sotalol is a class III anti-arrhythmic and beta-blocker that treats atrial and ventricular arrhythmias by prolonging repolarization. Structure of Sotalol Sotalol is a class III antiarrhythmic agent with both beta-blocking (class II) and potassium channel-blocking (class III) properties. It features a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist core linked to a benzothiazole moiety. Chemical Formula: C₁₄H₁₆N₂O₃S Mode … Read more
Lorcainide Hydrochloride is a class Ic anti-arrhythmic used in life-threatening arrhythmias by strongly blocking sodium channels. Structure of Lorcainide Hydrochloride Lorcainide hydrochloride is a class IB antiarrhythmic agent similar to lidocaine, featuring an amide linkage and an aromatic ring. It exists as the hydrochloride salt to enhance solubility. Chemical Formula: C₁₁H₁₉N₃O₂ · HCl Mode of … Read more
Mexiletine Hydrochloride is a class Ib anti-arrhythmic that treats ventricular arrhythmias by stabilizing cardiac conduction. Structure of Mexiletine Hydrochloride Mexiletine hydrochloride is a class IB antiarrhythmic agent, structurally related to lidocaine but with an extended alkyl side chain to enhance oral bioavailability. It exists as the hydrochloride salt. Chemical Formula: C₁₆H₂₅N₃O₂ · HCl Mode of … Read more
Tocainide Hydrochloride is a class Ib anti-arrhythmic used to manage ventricular arrhythmias by inhibiting sodium influx. Structure of Tocainide Hydrochloride Tocainide hydrochloride is an amide-type antiarrhythmic agent structurally related to procainamide. It features a diethylaminoethyl side chain attached to a 2,6-dimethyl-p-aminobenzoic acid core. Chemical Formula: C₁₀H₁₅N₃O₂S·HCl Mode of Action Class IA Antiarrhythmic: Blocks fast sodium … Read more
Bioassay of Digitalis (Cardiac Glycosides): Measures potency using frog or cat heart preparation. Bioassay of Digitalis (Cardiac Glycosides): Evaluates cardiac activity via inotropic effect comparison. Principle of Bioassay of Digitalis (Cardiac Glycoside) Digitalis (e.g., digoxin, digitoxin) increases the force of cardiac contraction and can induce characteristic arrhythmias or lethal effects in overdose. The bioassay detects … Read more
Bioassay of d-Tubocurarine (ADH): Commonly done using frog rectus abdominis muscle. Bioassay of d-Tubocurarine (ADH): Measures neuromuscular blockade to assess potency. Principle of Bioassay of d-Tubocurarine d-Tubocurarine is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker that prevents acetylcholine from activating nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction. The bioassay measures loss of muscle contraction (e.g., twitch response) in response … Read more
Bioassay of ACTH Measures adrenal cortex stimulation in test animals. Bioassay of ACTH Evaluates steroid hormone release as an ACTH response indicator. Principle ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids (cortisol in humans). Bioassay measures either adrenal gland weight, plasma corticosteroid levels, or specific physiological changes caused by elevated corticosteroids. Methods 1. Adrenal Ascorbic … Read more
Bioassay of Vasopressin (ADH): Commonly done using rat pressor or antidiuretic assays. Bioassay of Vasopressin (ADH): Measures vasoconstriction or urine volume reduction in test animals. Principle Bioassay of Vasopressin (ADH) Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) has two major effects: Antidiuretic effect (increases water reabsorption in the kidney). Vasopressor effect (vasoconstriction, increases blood pressure). Methods 1. Antidiuretic … Read more
