B Pharmacy

Hallucinogens are psychoactive drugs that alter perception, mood, and thought, often causing hallucinations. Definition of Hallucinogens: Substances that cause altered perception, hallucinations, and mood changes. Classification of Hallucinogens: Classical (Psychedelics) Primarily serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists Examples: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Psilocybin (magic mushrooms) Mescaline (peyote cactus) DMT (dimethyltryptamine) Dissociative Antagonists of NMDA glutamate receptors Produce … Read more

Antimanic agents, or mood stabilizers, control manic episodes in bipolar disorder by stabilizing brain activity. Definition of Mood Stabilizers: Drugs that stabilize mood in bipolar disorder, preventing both manic and depressive episodes. Major Agents: Lithium Mechanism: Unclear; inhibits inositol monophosphatase, reduces second messenger activity Therapeutic index is narrow Anticonvulsants as Antimanic Agents: Valproic acid: increases … Read more

This article explains about the Anti-anxiety agents (anxiolytics) reduce anxiety and tension by calming the central nervous system. Definition of Anti-Anxiety Agents: Drugs that relieve anxiety symptoms without causing excessive sedation. Classification of Anti-Anxiety Agents (Anxiolytics): Benzodiazepines Examples: Diazepam, Lorazepam, Alprazolam Mechanism: Enhance GABA-A receptor activity → increased Cl⁻ influx → hyperpolarization Non-benzodiazepine Anxiolytics Buspirone: … Read more

Antidepressants are drugs that treat depression by balancing neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Definition of Antidepressants: Drugs that elevate mood in depression, anxiety, OCD, and PTSD. Used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD, and some types of chronic pain. Classification of Antidepressants: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Inhibit reuptake of … Read more

Antipsychotics are drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders by balancing dopamine and serotonin in the brain. Definition of Antipsychotics: Antipsychotics are drugs used primarily to manage psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and delusional disorders. They are also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers. Classification of Antipsychotics: Typical (First-generation Examples: Chlorpromazine, … Read more

Disulfiram (Antabuse) is a drug used in alcohol dependence that causes unpleasant effects when alcohol is consumed. Disulfiram (Antabuse) Mechanism of Action: Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). This causes accumulation of acetaldehyde after alcohol consumption, leading to an aversive reaction: Flushing, throbbing headache, nausea, vomiting, chest pain, hypotension, palpitations, anxiety Disulfiram–Ethanol Reaction: Flushing, throbbing headache Nausea, … Read more

Alcohol (Ethanol) is a CNS depressant that affects mood, behavior, and coordination, commonly used socially but linked to dependence and toxicity. Pharmacological Actions: Ethanol is a CNS depressant. It acts by enhancing GABA-A receptor activity (inhibitory neurotransmission) and inhibiting NMDA-type glutamate receptors (excitatory neurotransmission). It produces dose-dependent CNS depression, from disinhibition to sedation, anesthesia, and … Read more