In Thermal Properties of Matter, start by asking what changes: the object’s length, its temperature or its state. That tells you which equation to use.
Formulas and examples
- Linear expansion: ΔL = αL₀ΔT. Use the original length L₀ and the coefficient of linear expansion α.
- Heating without a change of state: Q = mcΔT. Heating 0.20 kg of water by 10 °C takes about 8,400 J if c = 4,200 J/(kg·K) and heat loss is ignored.
- Change of state: Q = mL, where L is the specific latent heat. On a heating curve, a flat segment shows energy going into a phase change at constant temperature.
- Heat transfer: Conduction transfers energy through matter; convection moves warmer or cooler fluid; radiation can travel through a vacuum.
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