DNA replication is essential for cell division, ensuring that each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the DNA. It is process follows the semi-conservative model, where each new DNA molecule has one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. The steps involved are: 1. Initiation of DNA Replication Origins of Replication: Replication begins at … Read more
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) is a single-stranded nucleic acid made up of ribonucleotides, which consist of a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), or guanine (G). Structure: 1. Single-Stranded of RNA (Ribonucleic Acid): RNA is typically single-stranded, but it can form secondary structures by folding … Read more
DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is a long, double-stranded molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is composed of two strands forming a double helix, made up of repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar (deoxyribose), … Read more
The mammalian genome is a highly complex and organized structure, containing all the genetic information necessary for the development, functioning, and reproduction of the organism. Mammalian genome is composed of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and is packaged into chromosomes within the nucleus of the cell. Key Components of the Mammalian Genome DNA Structure of Mammalian genome … Read more
Gout Disease is a type of inflammatory arthritis characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, redness, and tenderness in joints, caused by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals. It is directly linked to hyperuricemia. Pathophysiology of Gout: High levels of uric acid in the blood lead to the formation of urate crystals. These crystals deposit … Read more
Hyperuricemia is a condition of elevated uric acid levels in the blood, caused by excess production or reduced excretion. Uric acid, the end product of purine metabolism, is primarily excreted by the kidneys, and its buildup can lead to gout and kidney stones. Causes of Hyperuricemia Increased Uric Acid Production: High purine diet (red meat, … Read more
Catabolism of Purine Nucleotides involves the breakdown of nucleotides into their constituent components, ultimately leading to the formation of uric acid. Catabolism of Purine Nucleotides process occurs mainly in the liver and involves several key enzymes. Steps in Purine Catabolism Degradation of AMP and GMP: AMP Catabolism: AMP is deaminated to inosine monophosphate (IMP) by … Read more
Biosynthesis of Pyrimidine Nucleotide is the biochemical process through which cells produce pyrimidine bases cytosine, thymine, and uracil used to form nucleotides such as UMP (uridine monophosphate), CMP (cytidine monophosphate), and TMP (thymidine monophosphate). Biosynthesis of Pyrimidine Nucleotide is synthesized first and then attached to a ribose-phosphate backbone. De Novo Pathway The de novo synthesis of pyrimidines … Read more
Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotide refers to the cellular process by which purine nucleotides primarily adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP) are synthesized from small molecular precursors. Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotide pathway involves the stepwise construction of the purine ring directly onto a ribose sugar molecule (from PRPP: 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate), utilizing amino acids (like glycine, glutamine, and … Read more
Catabolism of heme is the process by which the heme molecule is broken down into simpler compounds. Catabolism of heme process primarily occurs in the liver and spleen and involves several key steps: Heme Oxygenase (HO): Reaction: Heme is broken down into biliverdin, carbon monoxide (CO), and free ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Enzyme: Heme oxygenase (HO). Cofactors: … Read more
