B Pharmacy

Concept of Combinatorial Chemistry Combinatorial chemistry is a high-throughput technique used in drug discovery and materials science to efficiently generate large chemical libraries. Instead of synthesizing compounds individually, it allows the simultaneous creation of thousands to millions of molecules. Key principles: Parallel Synthesis: Multiple compounds are synthesized in separate reactions simultaneously. Mix-and-Split Synthesis: A systematic … Read more

Molecular docking is a computational technique that predicts the binding orientation and affinity of a small molecule (ligand) to a biological target (receptor). Types of Docking: Structure-Based Docking: Uses the 3D structure of the target receptor to guide ligand placement. Ligand-Based Docking: Estimates binding mechanisms based on the similarity between the ligand and known active … Read more

Pharmacophore Modeling identifies essential features required for drug–target interaction and helps design new active compounds. A pharmacophore is the essential molecular features required for a drug to interact with a biological target. Types of Pharmacophores: Ligand-Based Pharmacophore: Derived from known active molecules. Structure-Based Pharmacophore: Derived from the 3D structure of the target protein. Key Features … Read more

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) is a mathematical modeling technique used to predict the biological activity of molecules based on their physicochemical properties. Several key parameters are used in QSAR studies: Partition Coefficient (Log P) Definition: The ratio of a compound’s concentration in a lipid (octanol) phase to its concentration in a water phase. Importance: Measures … Read more

Various Approaches Used in Drug Design explains strategies like rational design, combinatorial chemistry, and high-throughput screening. Various Approaches Used in Drug Design Drug design can follow several broad strategies. While different pharmaceutical projects may use more than one approach, the main methods often fall into these categories: Ligand-Based Drug Design (LBDD) Uses knowledge of known … Read more

Introduction to Drug Design explains the process of discovering and developing new drugs based on target identification and optimization. Introduction to Drug Design Drug design involves discovering or creating therapeutic agents based on a biological target. It combines chemistry, biology, pharmacology, and computational science to develop safe and effective drugs. Key Aspects Target Identification: Selecting … Read more

Chemical Structure / Formula of Dapsone Formula: C₁₂H₁₂N₂O₂S Structure: Sulfonyl-containing diamine. Mechanism of Action Inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, similar to sulfonamides. Uses Leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae). Pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis in HIV patients. Side Effects Hemolysis (especially in G6PD-deficient patients). Methemoglobinemia, rash. Synthesis of Dapsone Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) of Trimethoprim Structural Feature SAR Insight Diaminodiphenylsulfone core Mimics PABA … Read more

Chemical Formula of Cotrimoxazole: Sulfamethoxazole (SMX): C₁₀H₁₁N₃O₃S Trimethoprim (TMP): C₁₄H₁₈N₄O₃ Mechanism of Action: A synergistic combination that inhibits folate synthesis: SMX: Blocks dihydropteroate synthase. TMP: Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Together, they cause a bactericidal Uses of Cotrimoxazole: UTIs: coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter Respiratory infections: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, bronchitis. GI infections: Traveler’s diarrhea, shigellosis, typhoid. Skin infections: … Read more

Chemical Structure / Formula of Trimethoprim Formula: C₁₄H₁₈N₄O₃ Structure: Pyrimidine derivative. Mechanism of Action Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), blocking bacterial DNA synthesis. Uses UTIs, respiratory tract infections (combined with sulfamethoxazole = Cotrimoxazole). Side Effects Megaloblastic anemia, hyperkalemia, GI upset. Synthesis of Trimethoprim Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) of Trimethoprim Structural Feature SAR Insight 2,4-diaminopyrimidine ring Essential for … Read more

Chemical Structure / Formula of Sulfasalazine Formula: C₁₈H₁₄N₄O₅S Structure: A conjugate of sulphapyridine and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) linked by an azo bond. Mechanism of Action In colon, azo bond is cleaved by gut bacteria to release 5-ASA (anti-inflammatory) and sulphapyridine (antibacterial). Anti-inflammatory effects beneficial in IBD; antibacterial properties aid in treating infections. Uses of Sulfasalazine … Read more