PHARMACOLOGY III

Antitussives are drugs that suppress the cough reflex by acting on the cough center or peripheral pathways to relieve dry cough. Purpose: Used in dry, irritating, non-productive cough to suppress the cough reflex. Antitussives Function: Suppress or reduce the urge to cough Use: For non-productive (dry) coughs Mechanism: Act on the cough center in the … Read more

Expectorants are drugs that increase respiratory mucus secretion and help loosen and remove sputum from the respiratory tract. Purpose: Used to treat productive (wet) cough by facilitating mucus clearance. Expectorants Function: Loosen and thin mucus, making it easier to expel Use: For productive (wet) coughs Mechanism: Increase secretions and reduce mucus viscosity Examples: Guaifenesin Types … Read more

Cough is a protective reflex that clears the airways of mucus, irritants, foreign particles, or infections. It can be: Productive (wet): Produces mucus or phlegm Non-productive (dry): No mucus produced Types of Cough Productive Cough “Wet” cough that expels mucus Common in colds, bronchitis, pneumonia Non-Productive Cough “Dry” cough with no mucus Caused by irritants, … Read more

Drugs Used in the Management of COPD include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and other agents to improve airflow and reduce symptoms. Types of Drugs Used in COPD Management Bronchodilators Function: Relax airway muscles to ease breathing Types: Beta-agonists (e.g., Salbutamol) Anticholinergics (e.g., Ipratropium) Combination inhalers Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS) Reduce airway inflammation Used in moderate to severe cases … Read more

What is COPD? Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory condition that causes difficulty in breathing. It includes: Chronic Bronchitis: Inflammation and narrowing of airways with excessive mucus production. Emphysema: Damage to alveoli (air sacs), reducing lung function. Refractory Asthma: Asthma that doesn’t respond well to standard treatments. Causes: Long-term exposure to irritants … Read more

Pharmacology of anti-asthmatic drugs Pharmacology of Anti-Asthmatic Drugs explains mechanisms and actions of drugs used to relieve bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation. Main Classes of Anti-Asthmatic Drugs Bronchodilators These drugs relieve bronchoconstriction and are primarily used in acute asthma attacks. β2-Adrenergic Agonists Examples: Salbutamol (short-acting), Salmeterol (long-acting) Mechanism: Stimulate β2-receptors in bronchial smooth muscle → ↑ … Read more